WPC' f蜃U 3  _zWO_T*;O nFPr}v`N!= ψIDl9=?m䉯p,z!mi >fXApxZ^ISjjF7o 2`IE0ukW_8,2yvߤf e65TbW'ɭS]NGw_.Zx)ia<%b@=Ch,YET[M~ߎT'fk~2f2@7<p&Lj~FJR|;U<@7#!w jN!p "] 0%"f# %# 1#!$!$!p6%!*!6+ )+ :+U2-^ @-w@L-4-- m- 1u- 0c.. 72.a.U+@. 0F/ 0$D/ :0!Z3{4e7 89t:L;4< 0@ ? BI?f?N@NA3CChDB-FoGHIXJLMP D+UQQ@RNS 1sS 0wCT AQT U AIVFW AIXGY 0)JZsZm[ O^ed^_Xa ==c$zcd}e Ug -pg >gg D3g D3h BAh D3^h Bh D3h Bh D3h B1i D3Ni Bi D/i D3i B*j D3*j B*]j]jjNk jllm JUnTn |o(opq D3r B*r B*r D3!s B7Ts B7s 0s s  t BuZu lvv 0w &w lw jMx <x &x y7y RyyKz{ | zX} }}!}~ F B̀ B؁ < &V| lU |Y9Յ z 0T ܇  < / 8; s B D ,Ɍ ,( z :$ Z^ xБ9H x  - 55UNOOOO  0A x; UNEhUN IUNi jj!UN٠UN}eˣUN0~UNdUNاUNaI UNt H¬ UNAfUN!UNdUNNIUNUNBUNAUNeUN2UNeXUN Y jUNпUNUNUNUNGUNAeUNBUN$r jUNFUN%sUNKXUN$?UNcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0w 0- 0D TYRANNABULLINGTON ODVNTyrannabatterersRuden 1 !$XXXXXXXX      1    _A.N.RudenandJudgeRonaldB._Adrine_,OhioDomesticViolenceLawHandbook13(2001  Ed.).) Z(CG Times RegularHP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6,,,,06)&4 ` !$XXXXXXXX      4    __V.L._ԀHolt,M.A._Kernic_,T._Lumley_,M.E.Wolf,and_F.P._Ԁ_Rivara_,CivilProtectionOrders  andRiskofSubsequentPoliceReportedViolence,288JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation  (_JAMA_)589(August7,2002).3|Ih"u,ae^;C]ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲY~~vCN~sk~CCCddCYdYdYCdd88d8ddddJN8ddddYYdYddddddCdddddddddYYYYYY~Y~Y~Y~YC8C8C8C8ddddddddddYdddddsdYYYYYYYd~Y~Y~Y~YddddddddC8C8C8C8oNd~8~8~8|8|8dtddddJJJkNlLkNkN~8~8~8dddddddYXYd~8dJkN~8ddddd~YC88d4CCddCC/NdddCYQQddddddFddddFCChhd44ddxxdddvooChdFdhd岲dCCȐxȲCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ]ȐȐȤxȐUvŐdȐYYCCCCؐx~oxoY~NYdYC8YooYdYxsdxdd~YYxoxxxx~NdC88YYYxxYxxxxCCCdddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNNNNNNNdddddddddddddddddddddd888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxsdYCTG8RCR,,XRq;?xxx,,1XxET?xxx,,`Xx(H7WCW,,XW(R&HHH,,hHEgJR&HHH,,hH< 10cpi ItaC:\WP60\MACROS\ALTM\GONGWRE.WPMItDCourier 10cpi Ita'      (rQ $X~XXXDD ``X~XXX~    \X(CEKQW]cioAutoList1A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A."AIP[rﳈE?0404/Nmpϟ@2BP@LL "AIP[rﳈE?0404/Nmpϟ@2BP@LL "u,ae^;C]ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲdxN`xoȐCCCddCdoYoYFdo8Co8odooYNCodddYdddddddddCddddddddodddddϐYYYYYN8N8N8N8oddddooooddoddddxodddYYYYoYYYYddddddooN8N8N8N8p`o888N8ooodd┐YYYoNoNoNoNCCCooooooȐdYYYo8oYoNCddodoYN88d4CCddCC/NdddCdUUddddddFddddFCCssd44ddxxddd~ooCsdFdsd岲dCCȐxȲCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ`ȐȐȮxȐUvŐdȐddCCCCؐxoxoYNYYYN8YooYdYxxdxddYYxoxxxxNYN88YYYxxYxxxxCCCdddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNNNNNNNYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdYC"@HOZqE?00004/Nmpϟ @2RQ@LL "@HOZqE?00004/Nmpϟ @2RQ@LL  ) p`CG Times <6X9`+Courier< 9+CourierBold ,_ p CG TimesBoldi<6X9`+CourierL<6X9`+"CourierItalic*\  p`TmsRmnProu. _E`aDbcDdeDfghD8*_-zU3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  i)TABLE B( Z(Times New Roman ()2Hh$  Q !XXXXD `XXXXX         0  (#$  0    !$XXXXXXXX      3    _L.Walker,TheBatteredWoman20612(1979);_Grau_Ԁetal.,RestrainingOrdersfor  BatteredWomen:IssuesofAccessandEfficacy,inC._Schweber_ԀandC._Feinman_Ԁ(_eds_.),Criminal  JusticePoliticsandWomen"TheAftermathofLegallyMandatedChange(1985);_Lerman_,AModel | StateAct:RemediesforDomesticAbuse,21_Harv.J._ԀonLegis.70,n.35(1984).  !$XXXXXXXX      14    _SeeAmericanBarAssociation,StoppingViolenceAgainstWomen:UsingNewFederal  Laws(1996).  !$XXXXXXXX      5    _K._Kinposts_ԀandK.Fischer,OrdersofProtectioninDomesticViolenceCases:An  EmpiricalAssessmentoftheImpactoftheReformStatutes,2TexasJournalofWomenandtheLaw  163,23133(1993).SeePeterFinn&Sarah_Colson_,Ch.Vat49;DevelopmentsintheLaw:Legal | ResponsestoDomesticViolence,106_Harv.L.Rev_.1512n.36(1993). [ !$XXXXXXXX      6    _Id.;NationalCouncilofJuvenile&FamilyCourtJudges,ANationalCurriculumfor  PresentingtheModelCodeonDomesticandFamilyViolence,Ch.IX,at300.   !XXXXXX  _  XX R.C.2919.26(C)(1)#XXX Xi##XX# !$XXXXXXXX      7    _AcopyoftheReportisincludedintheAppendixatpageA63. !$XXXXXXXX      8    _  Id.atA80(p.7ofReport).  !$XXXXXXXX      9    _AttorneySmalzTestimonyonbehalfofACTIONOHIOandODVNisincludedinthe  AppendixatA96.Theotherwitness,whogavesimilartestimony,wasColumbusAssistantCityAttorneyStephenJ.McIntosh. * !$XXXXXXXX      10    _Therejectedversionof y R.C.2919.26inversionLSC12203093ofSub.S.B.No.1is  includedintheAppendixatA21.ThislanguagehadbeeninsertedinthesubstitutebillattherequestoftheCommitteeChairman,SenatorLouisBlessing.Inaveryunusualmove,allofthecommitteememberswiththeexceptionofSenatorBlessingvotedtoremovethislanguage.(H$0    d !$XXXXXXXX      11    _FormerR.C.3113.31(E)(2),repealedeffectiveOctober21,1997.  !$XXXXXXXX      15    _  NationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudges,ModelCodeonDomesticand  FamilyViolence,Section310andCommentarytoSection310,at30,(approvedJanuary1315,  1994). D !$XXXXXXXX      16    _J._Zorza_,WhatisWrongwithMutualOrdersofProtection?,4DomesticViolenceReport  67(June/July,1999). !$XXXXXXXX      17    _SeeAmericanBarAssociationat29. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 ^ !$XXXXXXXX      2    _Hon.HollisL.Webster,EnforcementinDomesticViolenceCases,26_Loy_.U.Chi._L.J._.  663,664(1995). 8 !$XXXXXXXX      18    _  CityofNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_(2000),139OhioApp.3d565,569. ~ !$XXXXXXXX      19    _E._Topliffe_,WhyCivilProtectionOrdersareEffectiveRemediesforDomesticViolence  butMutualProtectionOrdersareNot,67IndianaLawJournal1039,1057(1992). !$XXXXXXXX      20    _  Id.at10611062. !$XXXXXXXX      21    _  J._Zorza_Ԁat68. N !$XXXXXXXX      22    _J._Zorza_,WomenBattering:HighCostsandtheStateoftheLaw,28Clearinghouse  Review39293(SpecialIssue1999).  !$XXXXXXXX      23    _SeeJ._Zorza_,BattererManipulationandRetaliationintheCourts:ALargely  UnrecognizedPhenomenonSometimesEncouragedByCourtPractices,3DomesticViolenceReport  6767,7576(June/July1998).  !$XXXXXXXX      24    _Typically,domesticviolenceprotectionordersrequire,interalia,theoffendertostayaway  fromthevictim,tohavenocontactwiththevictim,andnottoentertheresidence,school,business,orplaceofemploymentofthevictim.Avictimwhoviolatesaprovisioninamutualprotectionorderorderinghertostayawayfromoravoidanycontactwiththeoffenderengagesintheverysameconductthatgivesrisetoaprosecutionforaidingandabettingtheoffendersviolationofthevictimsprotectionorder. !$XXXXXXXX      25    _See18U.S.C.Section2265(c).)dd  !$XXXXXXXX      12    _CityofNorthOlmstedv._Bullington_(2000),139OhioApp.3d56. 6 !$XXXXXXXX      13    _ԀThiswasakeypointmadeinthetestimonyofMr.SmalzandAssistantAttorney  McIntosh;SeeAttorneySmalzTestimonyatA96.337=CIOW_eI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)(O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#NOPQXC<<C  !$XXXXXXXX      27    _Forthisreason,prosecutorshavedeclinedtoprosecutefriendsorrelativesoftheoffender  whoabuseorharassthevictimaftertheissuanceofaprotectionorderforprotectionorderviolationsunder  R.C.2919.27,evenwheretheyallegedlyactedinconcertoratthedirectionoftheoffender.2<AC  !$XXXXXXXX      26    _NationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudges,  ModelCodeonDomesticand  FamilyViolence,AppendixIIOverviewofChapter3oftheModelCode"CivilOrdersfor  Protection(ApprovedJanuary1315,1994).2<AC  !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.3113.31#X^XX X^i##wXX^#( $ !$XXXXXXXX      28    _See_Bullington_,139OhioApp.3d565at571.  !$XXXXXXXX      30    _SeeAnne_Ganley_,inDomesticViolence:TheCrucialRoleoftheJudgeinCriminalCourt  Cases:ANationalModelforJudicialEducation1733(JanetCarter,etal._eds_.1991);seealso  AmericanBarAssociationCommissiononDomesticViolence,TheImpactofDomesticViolence | onYourLegalPractice:ALawyer'sHandbook11to17(DeborahM._Goelman_,etal._eds_.1996).HCASES [ !$XXXXXXXX      29    __Barbara_ԀJ.Hart,BatteredWomenandtheCriminalJusticeSystem,36(5)Am._Behav_.Sci.  624(1993).  !$XXXXXXXX      31    _BarbaraJ.Hart,StateCodeson_DV_:Analysis,Commentary,andRecommendations,43  _Juv_.andFam.CourtJ.1,34(No.4,1992);seealsoMarthaR.Mahoney,LegalImagesofBattered  Women:RedefiningtheIssueofSeparation,90Mich.L.Rev.1,5859(1991). N !$XXXXXXXX      34    _James_Ptacek_,BatteredWomenintheCourtroom:ThePowerofJudicialResponses  (NortheasternUniversityPress,1999).HCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS  !$XXXXXXXX      35    _ԀNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_,139OhioApp.3dat571. !$XXXXXXXX      32    _LenoreWalker,TheBatteredWoman,6570(1979).  !$XXXXXXXX      33    _SeeRonaldB._Adrine_Ԁ&AlexandriaM.Ruden,OhioDomesticViolenceLaw,1416  (2002);seegenerallyMaryAnnDutton,DynamicsofDomesticViolence:Understandingthe  ResponsesfromBatteredWomen,68FloridaBarJ.24.HSTATUTESHOTHER AUTHORITIES'R.C. 2919.26 (C)(1)STATUTEStttt'dxdYYYY'dxd d[[[['dxd  d]]]]'dxdP Pd____'dxd daaaa'dxd d]]' dxddddd'dxd&0 d dffff'dxd&P d d  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXR.C.2919.26(I)(2)#XXX Xi#  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXR.C.3113.31(C),(D),(E)#XXX Xi#People v. Meagan R. (1996), 42 Cal.App.4th 17, 49 Ca  !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.2923.03(A)(2)#X^XX X^i##wXX^#  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXR.C.3113.31(E)(4)#XXX Xi#iR.C. 3113.31(C), (D), (E)STATUTES J  Q !X~XXXX~XXX~  _ X~XXX~_Felton_Ԁv._Felton_Ԁ(1997),79OhioSt.3d34,41,679_N.E._Ԁ2d672#X~XX X~i#nFelton v. Felton (1997), 79 Ohio St. 3d 34, 41, 679 NCASES   Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXX_Felton_Ԁv._Felton_(1997),79OhioSt.3dat43#XXX Xl#  !XXXXXX  _  XX R.C.2919.26#XXX Xi##XX#ssss'dxd&p d Pd&p Pd dvwvw'dxd3+0 d d d3+0 d d dqR.C. 2919.26STATUTESR.C. 2919.26   !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.3113.31(E)(7)(a)#X^XX X^i##wXX^#zR.C. 3113.31(E)(7)(a)STATUTES  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXSenateBill1#XXX Xi#pFelton v. Felton (1997), 79 Ohio St. 3d at 43CASES  !XXXXXX  _  XX R.C.2919.27#XXX Xi##XX#~R.C. 2919.27STATUTESG3113.31STATUTESSupreme Court Rules of Superintendence 10.01 and 10.0Deacon v. Landers (1990), 68 Ohio App. 3d 26, 30, 58lR.C. 3113.31(E)(4)STATUTESR.C. 3113.31(E)(4)House Bill 335  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXSenateBill1#XXX Xi#Senate Bill 1 (SB 1)OTHER AUTHORITIES   !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X w_Gebardi_Ԁv.UnitedStates(1932),287U.S.112,123,53S.Ct.35,38,77_L.Ed_.206#X^XX X^l##wXX^#  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXSupremeCourtRulesofSuperintendence10.01and10.02#XXX Xi#Supreme Court Rules of Superintendence 10.01 and 10.0OTHER AUTHORITIESGebardi v. United States (1932), 287 U.S. 112, 123, CASESH   !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wMannAct,18U.S.C.2421etseq.#X^XX X^i##wXX^#  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXHouseBill335#XXX Xi#House Bill 335OTHER AUTHORITIES  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXR.C.2935.03(B)(3)(b)#XXX Xi#R.C. 2935.03(B)(3)(b)STATUTES  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXR.C.2935.03(B)(3)(d)#XXX Xi#R.C. 2935.03(B)(3)(d)STATUTEShR.C. 2919.26(I)(2)STATUTESR.C. 2919.26(I)(2)  Q !X~XXXX~XXX~  _ X~XXX~85O.Jur.3d,Statutes278(1993)#X~XX X~i#85 O.Jur.3d, Statutes 278 (1993)OTHER AUTHORITIES   Q !X~XXXX~XXX~  _ X~XXX~Stateexrel.N._Olmsted_Ԁv._Cuyahoga_Ԁ_Cty_.Bd.ofElections(2001),93OhioSt.3d529,533,757  N.E.2d214#X~XX X~l#State ex rel. N. Olmsted v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of ElecCASES /  Q !X~XXXX~XXX~  _ X~XXX~Stateexrel._Besser_Ԁv.OhioStateUniv.(2000),87OhioSt.3d535,540,721N.E.2d1044,1049#X~XX X~l#State ex rel. Besser v. Ohio State Univ. (2000), 87 CASES(,!$0  0` (#(#    !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.2919.26(C)(2)#X^XX X^i##wXX^#R.C. 2919.26(C)(2)STATUTES   !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.2313.31(E)(7)(a)#X^XX X^i##wXX^#2313.31(E)(7)(a)STATUTES   !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.2919.26(C)(2)(a)#X^XX X^i##wXX^#R.C. 2919.26(C)(2)(a)STATUTES|Senate Bill 1OTHER AUTHORITIES  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXR.C.2919.26(C)#XXX Xi#2919.26(C)STATUTES  !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wR.C.3113.31(E)#X^XX X^i##wXX^#3113.31(E)STATUTES x  !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X w$XXX$Deaconv.Landers(1990),68OhioApp.3d26,30,587_N.E._Ԁ2d395#X^XX X^l##wXX^#Deacon v. Landers (1990), 68 Ohio App. 3d 26, 30, 58CASESkR.C.2923.03(A)(2)STATUTESMann Act, 18 U.S.C. 2421 et seq.STATUTES   Q !X~XXXX~XXX~  _ X~XXX~UnitedStatesv._Annunziato_(2dCir.1961),293F.2d373,379#X~XX X~i#United States v. Annunziato (2d Cir. 1961), 293 F.2CASES /  !X^XXXwXX^  _ ww X^X wStatev.Williams(1997),79OhioSt.3d459,683N.E.2d1126#X^XX X^i##wXX^#State v. Williams (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 459, 683 N.CASES,,,A P P E N D I X R.C. 2919.27(uH Z6Times New Roman RegularModel Code(Vm$0      !XXXXXX  _  XX Peoplev._Meagan_ԀR.(1996),42_Cal.App_.4th17,49_Cal.Rptr_.2d325#XXX Xi##XX#People v. Meagan R. (1996), 42 Cal.App.4th 17, 49 CCASES 1 !$X~XXXX~XXX~      1    _A.N.RudenandJudgeRonaldB._Adrine_,OhioDomesticViolenceLawHandbook13(2001  Ed.).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular ^ !$X~XXXX~XXX~      2    _Hon.HollisL.Webster,EnforcementinDomesticViolenceCases,26_Loy_.U.Chi._L.J._.  663,664(1995).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      3    _L.Walker,TheBatteredWoman20612(1979);_Grau_Ԁetal.,RestrainingOrdersfor  BatteredWomen:IssuesofAccessandEfficacy,inC._Schweber_ԀandC._Feinman_Ԁ(_eds_.),Criminal  JusticePoliticsandWomen"TheAftermathofLegallyMandatedChange(1985);_Lerman_,AModel | StateAct:RemediesforDomesticAbuse,21_Harv.J._ԀonLegis.70,n.35(1984).(uH Z6Times New Roman RegularOlmsted v. Bullington . Bullington (2000), 139 Ohio ` !$X~XXXX~XXX~      4    __V.L._ԀHolt,M.A._Kernic_,T._Lumley_,M.E.Wolf,and_F.P._Ԁ_Rivara_,CivilProtectionOrders  andRiskofSubsequentPoliceReportedViolence,288JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation  (_JAMA_)589(August7,2002).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      5    _K._Kinposts_ԀandK.Fischer,OrdersofProtectioninDomesticViolenceCases:An  EmpiricalAssessmentoftheImpactoftheReformStatutes,2TexasJournalofWomenandtheLaw  163,23133(1993).SeePeterFinn&Sarah_Colson_,Ch.Vat49;DevelopmentsintheLaw:Legal | ResponsestoDomesticViolence,106_Harv.L.Rev_.1512n.36(1993).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular [ !$X~XXXX~XXX~      6    _Id.;NationalCouncilofJuvenile&FamilyCourtJudges,ANationalCurriculumfor  PresentingtheModelCodeonDomesticandFamilyViolence,Ch.IX,at300.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$X~XXXX~XXX~      7    _AcopyoftheReportisincludedintheAppendixatpageA63.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$X~XXXX~XXX~      8    _  Id.atA80(p.7ofReport).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      9    _AttorneySmalzTestimonyonbehalfofACTIONOHIOandODVNisincludedinthe  AppendixatA96.Theotherwitness,whogavesimilartestimony,wasColumbusAssistantCityAttorneyStephenJ.McIntosh.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular ?  Q !XXXXXXXX  _ XXXXReportoftheSupremeCourtofOhioDomesticViolenceTaskForce,#XXX Xi#Ԁ XXXXOctober18,1996#XXX X#Report of the Supreme Court of OhioOTHER AUTHORITIESOTHER AUTHORITIES !$X~XXXX~XXX~      11    _FormerR.C.3113.31(E)(2),repealedeffectiveOctober21,1997.(uH Z6Times New Roman RegularReport of the Supreme Court of Ohio  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      12    _CityofNorthOlmstedv._Bullington_(2000),139OhioApp.3d56.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular 7 !$X~XXXX~XXX~      13    _ԀThiswasakeypointmadeinthetestimonyofMr.SmalzandAssistantAttorney  McIntosh;SeeAttorneySmalzTestimonyatA105.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      14    _SeeAmericanBarAssociation,StoppingViolenceAgainstWomen:UsingNewFederal  Laws(1996).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      15    _  NationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudges,ModelCodeonDomesticand  FamilyViolence,Section310andCommentarytoSection310,at30,(approvedJanuary1315,  1994).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular D !$X~XXXX~XXX~      16    _J._Zorza_,WhatisWrongwithMutualOrdersofProtection?,4DomesticViolenceReport  67(June/July,1999).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$X~XXXX~XXX~      17    _SeeAmericanBarAssociationat29.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular 8 !$X~XXXX~XXX~      18    _  CityofNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_(2000),139OhioApp.3d565,569.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular ~ !$X~XXXX~XXX~      19    _E._Topliffe_,WhyCivilProtectionOrdersareEffectiveRemediesforDomesticViolence  butMutualProtectionOrdersareNot,67IndianaLawJournal1039,1057(1992).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$X~XXXX~XXX~      20    _  Id.at10611062.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$ X~XXX X~XXX~      21    _  J._Zorza_Ԁat68.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular N !$ X~XXX X~XXX~      22    _J._Zorza_,WomenBattering:HighCostsandtheStateoftheLaw,28Clearinghouse  Review39293(SpecialIssue1999).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      23    _SeeJ._Zorza_,BattererManipulationandRetaliationintheCourts:ALargely  UnrecognizedPhenomenonSometimesEncouragedByCourtPractices,3DomesticViolenceReport  6767,7576(June/July1998).E. Topliffe, Why Civil Protection Orders are Effecti(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      24    _Typically,domesticviolenceprotectionordersrequire,interalia,theoffendertostayaway  fromthevictim,tohavenocontactwiththevictim,andnottoentertheresidence,school,business,orplaceofemploymentofthevictim.Avictimwhoviolatesaprovisioninamutualprotectionorderorderinghertostayawayfromoravoidanycontactwiththeoffenderengagesintheverysameconductthatgivesrisetoaprosecutionforaidingandabettingtheoffendersviolationofthevictimsprotectionorder.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$X~XXXX~XXX~      25    _See18U.S.C.Section2265(c).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      26    _NationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudges,  ModelCodeonDomesticand  FamilyViolence,AppendixIIOverviewofChapter3oftheModelCode"CivilOrdersfor  Protection(ApprovedJanuary1315,1994).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      27    _Forthisreason,prosecutorshavedeclinedtoprosecutefriendsorrelativesoftheoffender  whoabuseorharassthevictimaftertheissuanceofaprotectionorderforprotectionorderviolationsunder  R.C.2919.27,evenwheretheyallegedlyactedinconcertoratthedirectionoftheoffender.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$X~XXXX~XXX~      28    _See_Bullington_,139OhioApp.3d565at571.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular [ !$X~XXXX~XXX~      29    __Barbara_ԀJ.Hart,BatteredWomenandtheCriminalJusticeSystem,36(5)Am._Behav_.Sci.  624(1993).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$X~XXXX~XXX~      30    _SeeAnne_Ganley_,inDomesticViolence:TheCrucialRoleoftheJudgeinCriminalCourt  Cases:ANationalModelforJudicialEducation1733(JanetCarter,etal._eds_.1991);seealso  AmericanBarAssociationCommissiononDomesticViolence,TheImpactofDomesticViolence | onYourLegalPractice:ALawyer'sHandbook11to17(DeborahM._Goelman_,etal._eds_.1996).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$ X~XXX X~XXX~      31    _BarbaraJ.Hart,StateCodeson_DV_:Analysis,Commentary,andRecommendations,43  _Juv_.andFam.CourtJ.1,34(No.4,1992);seealsoMarthaR.Mahoney,LegalImagesofBattered  Women:RedefiningtheIssueofSeparation,90Mich.L.Rev.1,5859(1991).J. Zorza, What is Wrong with Mutual Orders of Protec(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular !$"X~XXX"X~XXX~      32    _LenoreWalker,TheBatteredWoman,6570(1979).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$$X~XXX$X~XXX~      33    _SeeRonaldB._Adrine_Ԁ&AlexandriaM.Ruden,OhioDomesticViolenceLaw,1416  (2002);seegenerallyMaryAnnDutton,DynamicsofDomesticViolence:Understandingthe  ResponsesfromBatteredWomen,68FloridaBarJ.24.(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular N !$&X~XXX&X~XXX~      34    _James_Ptacek_,BatteredWomenintheCourtroom:ThePowerofJudicialResponses  (NortheasternUniversityPress,1999).(uH Z6Times New Roman Regular  !$(X~XXX(X~XXX~      35    _ԀNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_,139OhioApp.3dat571.(uH Z6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3?$  Q !XXXXD `XXXXX     (3?$  Q !XXXXD `XXXXX     ($$   1   Q !XXXXD `XXXXX     _   ` pX XXXXTRX3'BondX3' Letter3' Letter3'T@@ @ 7 INTHESUPREMECOURTOFOHIO     ( (#(#(*'4` p* STATEOFOHIO , t  ' 0  04uuPlaintiffAppellee, 4u4u v. BETTYLUCAS ,  P   ' 0  04uuDefendantAppellant, 4u4u :0  CaseNo.020295t (#(# :::: $  5(#(# u5?b[[  ?   MERITBRIEFOFAMICICURIAE E  OHIONOWEDUCATIONANDLEGALFUND,  R   OHIODOMESTICVIOLENCENETWORK,   [  ANDACTIONOHIOCOALITIONFORBATTEREDWOMEN, d INSUPPORTOFAPPELLANTBETTYLUCAS @F!!AA!@  OnConflictCertificationandonDiscretionaryAppealfromtheLickingCountyCourtofAppeals,FifthAppellateDistrict4((#(#(ANDREWT.SANDERSON(#0066327)0 '  TheLawOfficesofKristenBurkette 't't 21WestChurchStreet,Suite201Newark,OH43055(740)3450417COUNSELFORAPPELLANT,BETTYLUCAS B"% ELENAV._TUHY_Ԁ(#0065443)0  d AssistantLawDirector (#(# 40WestMainStreet,fourthFloorNewark,OH43055(740)3496663COUNSELFORAPPELLEESTATEOFOHIO B"- MICHAELR.SMALZ(#0041897)OhioStateLegalServicesAssociation555ButtlesAvenueColumbus,OH432151137(614)22172013,'4,30   COUNSELFORAbMICIb_^MI^__a_cmicicdCURIAEde`C`eacaeuriaeeACTIONOHIOCOALITIONFORBATTEREDWOMEN,OHIODOMESTICVIOLENCENETWORK,ANDOHIONOWEDUCATIONANDLEGALFUND tt  R-(8 ALEXANDRIAM.RUDEN(#0022246)LegalAidSocietyofCleveland1223WestSixthStreetCleveland,OH44113(216)68719000  d COUNSELFORfAMICIfgCURIAEghfCuriaefamicihhcuriaehACTIONOHIOCOALITIONFORBATTEREDWOMEN,OHIODOMESTICVIOLENCENETWORK,ANDOHIONOWEDUCATIONANDLEGALFUND (#(#  R-(C 5(#(#t 5   8XdXXd8  TABLEOFCONTENTS   f    Vm  Vm# 0     STATEMENTOFINTEREST#""z(#.hh%(#(##1Vm# S ݌ b Ќ  !  ! 0  0(#(#    A.0(#(#OHIODOMESTICVIOLENCENETWORK#""z(#.ZZ6(#(##1! ݌ . ~ Ќ  !  !0  0(#(#    B.0(#(#ACTIONOHIOCOALITIONFORBATTEREDWOMEN#""z(#.@(#(##2!݌  J Ќ  !  !0  0(#(#    C.0(#(#OHIONOWEDUCATIONANDLEGALFUND#""z(#.9(#(##3!݌    Ќ  Vm  Vm0     STATEMENTOFTHECASEANDSTATEMENTOFTHEFACTS#""z(#.@(#(##4Vm݌ ^  Ќ  Vm  Vm0     PropositionOfLaw#""z(#. "(#(##5Vm݌ F Ќ  8  8!!AVictimofDomesticViolenceWhoObtainsADomesticViolenceProtectionOrderMayNotBeChargedWithCriminalComplicityAsAnAiderAndAbettorInTheViolationOfTheProtectionOrderByAnOffenderBecauseTheVictimIsAMemberOfTheProtectedClassDesignatedForProtectionFromViolentAbusers.#""z(#.   #5 Z !  !,0  0(#(#    A.0(#(#HistoricalBackgroundandLegislativeHistory#""z(#.E(#(##5!,G݌ &v Ќ  !  !20  0(#(#    B.0(#(#ProsecutionoftheVictim(Complainant/Petitioner)forViolatingEitheraCriminal_TPO_ B orCPOUnderminestheStatutoryProhibitionsAgainsttheIssuanceofMutualProtectionOrdersinR.C.2919.26(I)(2)andR.C.3113.31(E)(4)#`"`"y(#.K(#(##12!2M݌  Ќ  !  !!0  0(#(#    C.8(#(#AVictimWhoObtainsaDomesticViolenceCriminalorCivilProtectionOrderisa   MemberoftheProtectedClassDesignatedforProtectionFromViolentAbusersand,Consequently,MayNotbeChargedasanAiderandAbettorintheViolationoftheVictimsOwnProtectionOrder.#`"`"y(#.6(#(##18!!<݌ <#" Ќ  !  !$0  0(#(#    D.8(#(#CriminalizingtheVictimsConductIgnorestheRealitiesand_Psychodynamics_Ԁof %X $ DomesticViolenceandDoesLittletoFurthertheObjectivesofJusticeSystemIntervention#`"`"y(#. $(#(##22!$?݌ &$"& Ќ  ? Vm  Vm0     CONCLUSION#`"`"y(#. (#(##25Vm݌ )$)     l*%*    AP_P_ԀENDIX   8   d  AppellantsNoticeofCertifiedConflict(June3,2002)!!x(#.KA1 |   JudgmentEntry(certificationconflict)(May15,2002)!!x(#.JA4 H   AppellantsMotiontoCertifyaConflict(May1,2002)!!x(#.00JA6  d   OpinionofCourtofAppeals(April25,2002)!!w(#.  @A11  0   JudgmentEntryofCourtofAppeals(April25,2002)!!w(#.GA18      JudgmentEntryofLickingCountyMunicipalCourt(June28,2001)!!w(#.@@TA19 x    R.C.2919.26!!w(#.  A21 D    R.C.2919.27!!w(#.  A24 `   R.C.2923.03!!w(#.  A26 ,   R.C.2930.06!!w(#.  A27    R.C.3113.31!!w(#.  A29 t   ReportofTheSupremeCourtofOhioDomesticViolenceTaskForce!!w(#.TA63 @   SubS.B.No.1,LSC12203093,Sections21!!w(#.,,?A34  \   TestimonyofMichaelR.SmalzonSenateBill1!!w(#.BA96 (   p!     TABLEOFAUTHORITIES   e"CASES b  CityofNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_(2000),139OhioApp.3d56,,](#.N10,14,15,16,18,20,22,24 . ~ 0   Deaconv.Landers(1990),68OhioApp.3d26,587N.E.2d395#`"`"y(#.K(#(##14  J _Felton_Ԁv._Felton_(1997),79OhioSt.3d34,679_N.E._Ԁ2d672!!w(#.nnK5,6    0   _Gebardi_Ԁv.UnitedStates(1932),287U.S.112,53S.Ct.35,77_L.Ed_.206#`"`"y(#.X(#(##20   Peoplev._Meagan_ԀR.(1996),42_Cal.App_.4th17,49Cal._Rptr_.2d3254!4!u(#.88R18,19 ^  0   0(#(#  Statev.Williams(1997),79OhioSt.3d459,683N.E.2d1126#`"`"y(#.L(#(##20 *z  0   Stateexrel._Besser_Ԁv.OhioStateUniv.(2000),87OhioSt.3d535,721N.E.2d1044#`"`"y(#.c(#(##16 F 0   0(#(#  0(#(#  0(#(#  Stateexrel.N._Olmsted_Ԁv._Cuyahoga_Ԁ_Cty_.Bd.ofElections(2001),93OhioSt.3d529,757  N.E.2d215#`"`"y(#.p p (#(##16  UnitedStatesv._Annunziato_(2dCir.1961),293F.2d373`"`"y(#.H20 t  "%   STATUTES  \ 18U.S.C.Section2265(c)`"`"y(#. )16 ( 18U.S.C.Section2421etseq.`"`"y(#.BB.20  R.C.2919.26""z(#.5 p!  R.C.2919.26(C)""z(#. 9 <#" R.C.2919.26(C)(1)""z(#. "5 %X $ R.C.2919.26(C)(2)""z(#. "8 &$"& R.C.2919.26(C)(2)(a)""z(#. %8 (#( R.C.2919.26(I)(2)f(#. "7,10,12,14,16,17 l*%* R.C.2919.27!!v(#.6,21 8,', R.C.2923.03(A)(2)`"`"y(#. "18  R.C.2935.03(B)(3)(b)""z(#. %7 | R.C.2935.03(B)(3)(d)""z(#. %7 H R.C.3113.31""z(#.5  d R.C.3113.31(C)""z(#. 6  0 R.C.3113.31(D)""z(#. 6    R.C.3113.31(E)!!v(#. 6,14 x  R.C.3113.31(E)(2)(repealedeffectiveOctober21,1997)`"`"y(#.H10 D  R.C.3113.31(E)(4)j(#. "7,10,12,16,17 ` R.C.3113.31(E)(7)(a)""z(#. %8 ,  *OTHERAUTHORITIES t  0   85O.Jur.3d,Statutes278(1993)#`"`"y(#.@@1(#(##16 @ 0   A.N.RudenandJudgeRonaldB._Adrine_,OhioDomesticViolenceLaw  \ Handbook(2001Ed.)#""z(#. '(#(##5 B 0   AmericanBarAssociationCommissiononDomesticViolence,TheImpact  ofDomesticViolenceonYourLegalPractice:ALawyersHandbook  (DeborahM._Goelman_,etal._eds_.1996)#`"`"y(#.JJ:(#(##23   0   AmericanBarAssociation,StoppingViolenceAgainstWomen:UsingNew V"! FederalLaws(1996)#4!4!u(#.t t '(#(##12,13 <#" 0   Anne_Ganley_,inDomesticViolence:TheCrucialRoleoftheJudgeinCriminal %X $ CourtCases:ANationalModelforJudicialEducation(JanetCarter,etal._eds_.1991)#`"`"y(#. i(#(##23 %>!% 0   AttorneySmalzTestimonyonbehalfofACTIONOHIOandODVNbeforetheSenateJudiciaryCommitteere:S.B.1,(March1997)#!!v(#...6(#(##9,10 (#( 0   BarbaraJ.Hart,BatteredWomenandtheCriminalJusticeSystem, l*%* 36(5)Am._Behav_.Sci.624(1993)#`"`"y(#.4(#(##22 R+&+ 0   BarbaraJ.Hart,StateCodeson_DV_:Analysis,Commentary,andRecommendations,  43_Juv_.andFam.CourtJ.1(No.4,1992)#`"`"y(#.=(#(##23  0   E._Topliffe_,WhyCivilProtectionOrdersareEffectiveRemediesforDomesticViolencebut b MutualProtectionOrdersareNot,67IndianaLawJournal1039(1992)#4!4!u(#.bbX(#(##14,15 H 0   _Grau_Ԁetal., RestrainingOrdersforBatteredWomen:IssuesofAccessandEfficacy,in  d C._Schweber_ԀandC._Feinman_Ԁ(_eds_.),CriminalJusticePoliticsandWomen"The  J AftermathofLegallyMandatedChange(1985)#""z(#.?(#(##6  0 0   Hon.HollisL.Webster,EnforcementinDomesticViolenceCases,26_Loy.U.Chi_._L.J._.663    (1995)#""z(#.(#(##5   0   0(#(#  HouseBill335#!!v(#.l l (#(##7,12 ^  0   J._Zorza_,BattererManipulationandRetaliationintheCourts:ALargely *z  UnrecognizedPhenomenonSometimesEncouragedbyCourtPractices, ` 3DomesticViolenceReport67(June/July1998)#`"`"y(#.**B(#(##15 F 0   JZorza,WhatisWrongwithMutualOrdersofProtection?,4DomesticViolenceReport  (June/July,1999)#4!4!u(#.H H %(#(##13,15  0   0(#(#  J.Zorza,WomenBattering:HighCostsandtheStateoftheLaw, t 28ClearinghouseReview392(SpecialIssue1999)#`"`"y(#.D(#(##15 Z 0   James_Ptacek_,BatteredWomenintheCourtroom:ThePowerofJudicialResponses &v (NortheasternUniversityPress,1999)#`"`"y(#.9(#(##23  \   0   K._Kinposts_ԀandK.Fischer,OrdersofProtectioninDomesticViolenceCases: ( AnEmpiricalAssessmentoftheImpactoftheReformStatutes,2TexasJournal  ofWomenandtheLaw(1993).#""z(#.0(#(##6  0   LenoreWalker,TheBatteredWoman(1979)#!!v(#.8(#(##6,23 p!  0   _Lerman_,AModelStateAct:RemediesforDomesticAbuse,21_Harv.J._Ԁ <#" onLegis.70,n.35(1984)#""z(#. .(#(##6 "$r# 0   0(#(#  MarthaR.Mahoney,LegalImagesofBatteredWomen:RedefiningtheIssue %>!% ofSeparation,90Mich.L.Rev.1(1991)#`"`"y(#.<(#(##23 &$"& 0   MaryAnnDutton,DynamicsofDomesticViolence:Understandingthe (#(  ResponsesfromBatteredWomen,68FloridaBarJ.24#`"`"y(#.G(#(##23 )$) 0   0(#(#  NationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudges,ModelCodeon  DomesticandFamilyViolence,Section310andCommentarytoSection310  (approvedJanuary13!15,1994)#  q(#.2(#(##12,13,17 |  0   NationalCouncilofJuvenile&FamilyCourtJudges,ANationalCurriculumfor H PresentingtheModelCodeonDomesticandFamilyViolence.#""z(#.nnN(#(##6 . ~ 0   PeterFinn&Sarah_Colson_,Ch.Vat49;DevelopmentsintheLaw:  J LegalResponsestoDomesticViolence,106_Harv.L.Rev_.1512n.36(1993).#""z(#.\(#(##6  0 0   R.C.2919.26ofSub.SenateBillNo.1"versionLSC12203093#""z(#.K(#(##9    0   RonaldB._Adrine_Ԁ&AlexandriaM.Ruden,OhioDomesticViolenceLaw(2002)#`"`"y(#.Y(#(##23 x  0   RuleofSuperintendence10.01#!!v(#.ZZ-(#(##8,11 D  0   RuleofSuperintendenceForm10.01G#4!4!u(#.4(#(##11,20 ` 0   RuleofSuperintendence10.02#!!v(#.ZZ-(#(##8,11 , 0   SenateBill1#!!w(#.(#(##8,9  0   SupremeCourtofOhioDomesticViolenceTaskForce,Report,October18,1996#!!w(#.BB\(#(##7,8 t 0   0(#(#  _V.L._ԀHolt,M.A._Kernic_,T._Lumley_,M.E.Wolf,and_F.P._Ԁ_Rivara_,CivilProtection @ OrdersandRiskofSubsequentPoliceReportedViolence,288Journalofthe &v AmericanMedicalAssociation(_JAMA_)589(August7,2002)#""z(#.FFL(#(##6  \ 0   ViolenceAgainstWomenAct#`"`"y(#.*(#(##16 (  0        STATEMENTOFINTEREST P  P3r4,,3 r TheOhioDomesticViolenceNetwork(ODVN),theACTIONOHIOCoalitionforBatteredWomen(ACTIONOHIO),andtheOhioNowEducationLegalFundarestatewideorganizationsdedicatedtoaddressingtheissueofdomesticviolenceintheStateofOhio.ODVNandACTIONOHIOhaveplayedaprominentroleinshapinganddirectingOhiosdomesticviolencelawsandpolicies.Thetwoorganizations,takentogether,representnearlyeverydomesticviolenceshelterandprograminOhio.TheyarehighlyknowledgeableaboutthelegislativehistoryofOhiosdomesticviolencestatutesandcanprovidethiscourtwithinformationregardingthelegislativehistoryandpurposeofthosestatutes.Theotheramicuscuriae,theOhioNowEducationandLegalFund,haslobbiedforstrongerdomesticviolencelawsandfiledamicusbriefsinmajordomesticviolencecases.  A.0 r OHIODOMESTICVIOLENCENETWORK T \r(#r(#  r TheOhioDomesticViolenceNetwork(ODVN)isamembershiporganizationcomprisedof78domesticviolenceprogramsand213alliedprofessionalsrepresentingdomesticviolenceshelters,batterersinterventionprograms,andotherlegalandsocialserviceagenciesthatprovideservicesandadvocacytovictimsandperpetratorsofdomesticviolence.Itsmemberagenciesrepresentallregionsofthestate,includingruralandurbanareas.ODVNseeksindividual,legislativeandsocialchange,producesandsharesinformation,andeducatesthepublicandagenciesaboutdomesticviolenceservicesandresourceoptions. r ODVNhasparticipatedintheOhioAttorneyGeneralsDomesticViolenceTaskForce,theSupremeCourtTaskForceonDomesticViolence,theSupremeCourtDomesticViolenceForms 8,', _Committee,theSupremeCourtDomesticViolenceAdvisoryCommittee,andtheOhioFamilyViolencePreventionCentersAdvisoryCouncil.ODVNhasalsocooperatedwiththeSupremeCourtofOhioindevelopingjudicialinformationandtrainingondomesticviolenceissues. r ODVNhasastronginterestintheoutcomeofthiscasebecauseitsuccessfullylobbiedtheOhioGeneralAssemblyfortheadoptionofalawprohibitingtheissuanceofsocalled mutualprotectionordersindomesticviolencecasesandagainstaproposedstatutoryamendmenttotheprotectionorderstatutesthatwouldhaveauthorizedcourtstoorderthevictim(complainant/petitioner)nottoencourageorinvitetheabuser(defendant/respondent)intothevictimsresidence,school,business,orplaceofemployment.Thoseeffortswereaimedatpreventingdomesticviolenceperpetratorsfromdeterringtheirvictimsfromenforcingtheirprotectionordersbythreateningtobringchargesagainsttheirvictimsforviolatingtheirownprotectionorder.Anythingthatweakensthe_enforceability_Ԁofdomesticviolenceprotectionorderswillalsosignificantlydiminishthesafetyofdomesticviolencevictimsandtheaccountabilityofperpetrators.  B.0 r ACTIONOHIOCOALITIONFORBATTEREDWOMEN v](r(#r(#  r TheACTIONOHIOCoalitionforBatteredWomen(ACTIONOHIO)isastatewidecoalitionofpersonsandorganizationsworkingtowardtheeradicationoffamilyviolenceinoursociety.Itwasfoundedin1975topromotegreaterlegalprotectionforvictimsofdomesticviolence,toincreasetheavailabilityandqualityofdomesticviolenceshelters,andtoincreasepublicawarenessoftheproblemofdomesticviolence.Inrecentyears,ithasplayedaprominentroleinassistinglocallawenforcementagenciesanddomesticviolencetaskforcestodevelopandimplementcomprehensive domesticviolenceprotocols. l*%*  r ACTIONOHIOwasaleadingadvocateforOhiosoriginaldomesticviolencelaw,which becameeffectivein1979.ItalsoactuallysupportedsubsequentdomesticviolencelegislationandhasservedontheOhioAttorneyGeneralsDomesticViolenceTaskForce,theOhioSupremeCourtTaskForceonDomestic,theOhioSupremeCourtDomesticViolenceFormsCommittee,theOhioSupremeCourtDomesticViolenceAdvisoryCommittee,andtheOhioFamilyViolencePreventionCentersAdvisoryCouncil. r ACTIONOHIOstrivesforasocietywherefamilyviolenceisnolongeracceptableandbelievesthatallpeoplehavearighttolivefreefromthefearofviolence.Forthatreason,ACTIONOHIOisgreatlyconcernedaboutthegrowingpolicyorpracticeinseveralOhiojurisdictionsofchargingvictimswhoobtainacriminalorcivilprotectionorderwithcomplicityfor,ineffect,violatingtheirownprotectionorder.Thispracticehasa chillingeffectindomesticviolencevictimswhomaybereluctanttoenforcetheirprotectionorders,evenafterincidentsofreneweddomesticviolence,becausetheymaybeexposedtocriminalchargesforviolatingtheirownprotectionorderiftheyhavehadanysubsequentcontactwiththeirabuser.Thisdubiouspracticemakesitharderforvictimstoholdabusiveprotectionorderviolatorsaccountableandblursthedistinctionbetweenthevictimwhoobtainsaprotectionorderandtheabuseragainstwhomtheprotectionorderisissued.  C.0 r OHIONOWEDUCATIONANDLEGALFUND mf%X $r(#r(#  r TheOhioNowEducationandLegalFundisanonprofit,_taxexemptorganization,incorporatedintheStateofOhioin1981forthepurposeofeliminatingsexdiscriminationthroughresearch,educationalandlegalactivities.TheFundprovidesresource/referralandsupportservicestovictimsofsexdiscrimination,sponsorsresearchinternshipsandeducationalactivitiesaimedatdocumenting 8,', _aneliminatinggenderdiscrimination,participatesasamicuscuriaeinprecedentsettingdiscriminationcases,provideslegalinformationandreferralstovictimsofdiscrimination,andmonitorsstateandfederallegislationforitsparticularimpactonthelivesofwomenandgirls.TheFundadvocatesonbehalfofwomenonallmajorissuesaffectingwomenslives,includingtheareasofdomesticviolence,safety,andcriminaljustice. r TheFundhasasubstantialinterestintheoutcomeofthiscasebecause,unlessthelowercourtdecisionsarereversed,manybatteredwomencouldbeexposedtocriminalchargesofcomplicity(aidingandabetting)forviolatingtheirownprotectionorderswhenevertheyhaveanycontactwiththeirabuseraftertheissuanceoftheprotectionorder.Thepracticeofchargingdomesticviolencevictimsforcomplicityforviolatingtheirownprotectionordersunfairlypenalizesvictimsofdomesticviolenceandhasa chillingeffectonenforcementofprotectionordersagainstabuserswhocommitfurtherabuseinviolationofthoseorders.    STATEMENTOFTHECASEANDSTATEMENTOFTHEFACTS m  \ l r TheseamicicuriaeadoptandcorporatebyreferencetheStatementoftheCaseandthe ( StatementoftheFactsinAppellantsBrief. _ p!        ARGUMENT   hn   PropositionOfLaw n:  AVictimofDomesticViolenceWhoObtainsADomesticViolence | ProtectionOrderMayNotBeChargedWithCriminalComplicityAsAnAiderAndAbettorInTheViolationOfTheProtectionOrderByAnOffenderBecauseTheVictimIsAMemberOfTheProtectedClassDesignatedForProtectionFromViolentAbusers. o . ~ n r  A.0 4 HistoricalBackgroundandLegislativeHistory p  J4(#4(#  r Domesticviolenceisnowrecognizedasaseriousandpervasiveproblem.From1976totheearly1980s,legislationaddressingdomesticviolencewasenactedinall50states._ "#  1      _ԀThenewlaw   providedforanumberofremedies,includingcriminaldomesticviolencestatutes,criminalprotectionorders,andcivilprotectionorders.Duringthepast25years,domesticviolenceprotectionordershaveemergedasanaccessibleandeffectiveresponsetodomesticviolence.Thelegislativeintentinenactinganydomesticviolencelegislationistoreducetheoccurrenceofdomesticviolence   o _Felton_Ԁv._Felton_(1997),79OhioSt.3d34,41,679_N.E._Ԁ2d672.Domesticviolenceprotection  ordersareissuedwiththehopethatfutureviolencewillbeprevented._3\\ "#  2      _ Z  r In1979,Ohioenactedcomprehensivedomesticviolencecriminaltemporaryprotectionorder(_TPO_)andcivilprotectionorder(CPO)statutes,nowcodifiedat x  y R.C.2919.26(_TPOs_)and  3113.31(_CPOs_).Asaresult,municipalcourtjudgescanissueacriminal_TPO_Ԁuponthefilingofcriminaldomesticviolencechargesagainstafamilyorhouseholdmemberifthecourtfindsthatthesafetyandprotectionofthecomplainant,allegedvictim,oranyotherhouseholdmemberoftheallegedoffendermaybeimpairedbythecontinuedpresenceoftheallegedoffender. U R.C.2919.26(C)(1).Additionally,domesticrelationscourtjudgesor(insomejurisdictions)magistratescanissuea %>!% domesticviolenceCPOuponafindingthatthereisadangerofdomesticviolencetothepetitioneroranotherfamilyorhouseholdmember. m R.C.3113.31(C),(D),(E); } _Felton_Ԁv._Felton_(1997),79 | OhioSt.3dat43.Anoffenderwhohasbeenservedwithacopyoftheprotectionordermaybeconvictedofthecrimeofviolatingaprotectionorderpursuantto  R.C.2919.27. r Whenproperlyenforced,domesticviolenceprotectionordersareeffectiveinreducingoreliminatingfurtherdomesticviolence._# "#  3      _ԀResearchdemonstratesthatprotectionordersareassociated    withasignificantdecreaseintheriskofpolicereportedviolenceagainstwomenbytheirmaleintimatepartners._(( "#  4      _ԀVigorousenforcementofprotectionordersisnecessarytoincapacitatethe D  recalcitrantbatterer,todeterfuturemisconduct,toserveasaconduitfortreatment,toallowthevictimtimetoobtainsupportservices,andinabroadersense,toconveyasternmessageofdisapprovalofthebatterersconducttotheindividualandsociety.Indeed,inadequateenforcementmayhavelethalconsequencesforthevictim._% "#  5      _ԀTherefore,thevictimmustbeableandwillingto t enforceherprotectionorder"andtoseekpoliceandjudicialenforcementofherprotection order"withoutfearofretaliatorycounterchargesforviolatingherownprotectionorder.&   "#  6        \  r Since1994,policeandjudicialresponsibilitieshavebeenenhancedinordertoprovidegreater uniformityinenforcingdomesticviolencelawsandprotectionorders.Forexample,theOhiolegislaturepassed  HouseBill335(HB335),effectiveDecember9,1994,toprovide,interalia,thatarrestisthe preferredcourseofactioninthisstatewhen apeaceofficerhasreasonablegroundstobelievethattheoffenseofdomesticviolenceortheoffenseofviolatingaprotectionorderhas  0 beencommittedandreasonablecausetobelievethataparticularpersonsguiltyofcommittingtheoffense.  R.C.2935.03(B)(3)(b).(Emphasisadded)Furthermore,iftheofficerhasreasonablecausetobelievethattwofamilyorhouseholdmembershavecommitteddomesticviolenceoraviolationofaprotectionorderagainsteachother,thestatutory preferredarrestpolicyappliesonlytothe primaryphysicalaggressor.See  R.C.2935.03(B)(3)(d).HouseBill335alsoprohibitedtheissuanceofsocalledmutualprotectionorders.See  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)and  3113.31(E)(4). r AfterthepassageofHB335,thenextmajorlandmarkinOhioseffortstoimprovetheperformanceofOhiolawenforcementagenciesandcourtsindomesticviolencecaseswastheOhioSupremeCourtspublicationofthe  October18,1996ReportoftheSupremeCourtofOhioDomesticViolenceTaskForce.( "#  7      ׀TwoofthesixprincipalfindingsintheReporthighlightedtheneed ( formoreconsistentandeffectiveenforcementofOhiosdomesticviolencelaws.)vv "#  8           TaskForceFindings p!   0 r 1.84r(#r(#DomesticviolencelawsareappliedinconsistentlythroughoutOhio.<#"4f!4f!  r 2.8 4 Domesticviolencestatutesandservicesprovideinadequatesafetyfor "$r# domesticviolencevictims. 44    *** &$"& I r Asaresult,theSupremeCourtDomesticViolenceTaskForcerecommendedvariouschanges toOhiosdomesticviolencestatutes,increasedfundingfordomesticviolenceserviceproviders,mandatoryjudicialtrainingondomesticviolence,andothermeasurestoremedytheidentifieddeficienciesinOhiosdomesticviolencelawsandservices.ManyofthestatutoryrecommendationsoftheSupremeCourtDomesticViolenceTaskForceReportwereimplementedbytheenactmentof  SenateBill1(SB1),effectiveOctober21,1997,whichincludedvariousprovisionsstrengtheningdomesticviolenceprotectionorders.AnotherrecommendationwasimplementedbytheSupremeCourtitselfthroughtheadoptionofstandardDomesticViolenceProtectionOrderFormsin  SupremeCourtRulesofSuperintendence10.01and10.02. r OneofthemostimportantchangesenactedinSenateBill1wasthe_nonwaivability_Ԁlanguageenactedin  R.C.2919.26(C)(2)and_  3113.31(E)(7)(a)._ԀHistorically,lawenforcementofficialshadbeenreluctanttoenforceprotectionorderswherethevictiminvitedtheabuserbacktothehome,evenincaseswheretheprotectionorderviolatorcommitsfurtherviolence.Victimadvocateslobbiedforstrongerlawsrequiringthecontinuingenforcementofcivilprotectionordersinthosecircumstances.Consequently,thelegislatureamendedthecriminal_TPO_Ԁstatutebyadding  R.C.2919.26(C)(2)(a),whichstates,inpertinentpart,that:8 r 8rf!rf!(2)(a)Ifthecourtissuesatemporaryprotectionorderthatincludesarequirementthattheallegedoffenderrefrainfromenteringtheresidence,school,business,orplaceofemploymentofthecomplainant,theallegedvictim,orthefamilyorhouseholdmember,theordershallstateclearlythattheordercannotbewaivedornullifiedbyaninvitationtotheallegedoffenderfromthecomplainant,allegedvictim,orfamilyorhouseholdmembertoentertheresidence,school,business,orplaceofemploymentorbytheallegedoffendersentryintooneofthoseplacesotherwiseupontheconsentofthecomplainant,allegedvictim,orfamilyorhouseholdmember.    (Emphasisadded).VirtuallyidenticallanguagewasaddedtothedomesticviolenceCPOstatuteat { R.C.3113.31(E)(7)(a). 8,',  r Thepurposeofthislanguageistoprovidemaximumprotectiontovictimsofdomesticviolencebyensuringthatprotectionordersremainenforceableagainsttheabuser,eveniftheabuserisinvitedintothevictimsresidence,school,business,orplaceofemployment.Theabusermaynolongerclaimthathisorheractions,includingadditionalthreatsorincidentsofviolence,arenotsubjecttothevictimsprotectionorderbecausetheprotectionorderhasbeenwaivedornullifiedasaresultofthevictimsactions.TheGeneralAssemblyintendedthatnovictimcouldwaivetheprovisionsoftheorderoraltertheeffectofthelawbyhisorheractions. r Ontheotherhand,duringitsconsiderationof  SenateBill1,theSenateJudiciaryCommitteespecificallyrejectedproposedlanguagethatwouldhaverequireddomesticviolenceprotectionorderstoincludeanorderprohibitingthepetitionerfromencouraging,inviting,orenticingtherespondenttoviolatetherequirementsofthecivilprotectionorder.InMarch1997,theSenateJudiciaryCommittee"withonlyonedissentingvote"rejectedthefollowingstatutorylanguageinSection  2919.26(C)aftertheCommitteereceivedtestimonyfromtwowitnesses,includingattorneyMichaelR.Smalz* "#  9      ׀representingtwooftheamicicuriaeinthiscase:+B "#  10        \ 8 r IFTHECOURTISSUESATEMPORARYPROTECTIONORDER,THEORDERSHALLSTATECLEARLYTHATTHECOMPLAINANTISPROHIBITEDFROMENCOURAGING,INVITING,ORENTICING,ORCAUSINGANOTHERPERSONTOENCOURAGE,INVITE,ORENTICE,THEALLEGEDOFFENDERTOVIOLATEINANYWAYANYREQUIREMENT,PROHIBITION,OROTHERPROVISIONINCLUDEDINTHEORDER.IFTHECOURTISSUESATEMPORARYPROTECTIONORDERTHATINCLUDESAREQUIREMENTTHATTHEALLEGEDOFFENDERREFRAINFROMENTERINGTHERESIDENCE, "$r# SCHOOL,BUSINESS,ORPLACEOFEMPLOYMENTOFTHECOMPLAINANTORTHEFAMILYORHOUSEHOLDMEMBER,THEORDERSHALLSTATECLEARLYTHATTHEORDERCANNOTBEWAIVEDORNULLIFIEDBYINVITATIONTOTHEALLEGEDOFFENDERFROMTHECOMPLAINANTORFAMILYORHOUSEHOLDMEMBERTOENTERTHERESIDENCE,SCHOOL,BUSINESS,ORPLACEOFEMPLOYMENTORBYTHEALLEGEDOFFENDERSENTRYINTOONEOFTHOSEPLACESOTHERWISEUPONTHECONSENTOFTHECOMPLAINANTORFAMILYORHOUSEHOLDMEMBER. rf!rf! ՛ r Inadditiontorejectingtheabovelanguage,theOhiolegislaturealsorepealedtheexistingstatutorylanguagethathadgivencourtsauthoritytoincludeinasecondCPOaprohibitionagainstthepetitionerinvitingoradmittingtherespondenttotheresidenceorhouseholdwhiletheorderisineffect,whereaprotectionorderhadalreadybeenissuedinaprioractioninvolvingtherespondentandthepetitioneroroneormoreofthefamilyorhouseholdmembers.. "#  11      ׀Thereis nolongerany , statutoryauthority forthecourttoissueanorderagainstthecomplainant/petitionerexceptinthe  limitedcircumstanceswhereaprotectionordermaybeissuedunder  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)or  3113.31(E)(4). r Moreover,byplacingspecific_nonwaivability_Ԁlanguageinthelaw,theGeneralAssemblyrecognizedthatsometimes,whethervolitionalorunderduress,thevictimmightallowtheoffenderaccesstohisorherperson._=vv "#  12      _Ԁ Becauseofthispossibility,theGeneralAssemblymadethelaw  _nonwaivable_.> "#  13       p!   r Thedefendant/respondentthuscannotusethelawfulactionsofthepetitionertoexcusethecommissionofactsofdomesticviolenceorotherviolationsoftheirexistingCPOor_TPO_.Onlythe %X $ courtthatissuedtheprotectionordercanrelievetherespondentofhisorherdutytocomplywiththetermsoftheorder.TheOhioSupremeCourtclarifiedthispointwhenitpromulgatedstandardizeddomesticviolencecivilandcriminaldomesticviolenceprotectionorderformsin  RulesofSuperintendence10.01and10.02.Specifically,theSupremeCourtpromulgated  Form10.01G(WarningConcerningtheAttachedDomesticViolenceProtectionOrder),whichdetailsthepenaltiesforviolatingaprotectionorder:8 r OnlytheCourtthatissuedthisProtectionOrdercandismissit.ThePetitioner/ComplainantcannotgiveyoulegalpermissiontoviolatethisProtectionOrder. Goodfaithand consentdonotauthorizeyoutoviolatethisProtectionOrder.IfyouandthePetitioner/ComplainantwanttoresumeyourrelationshipandhavetheCourtdismissthisProtectionOrder,bothofyoumustfileamotionandappearbeforetheCourt.Ifthesestepsarenottaken,youcanbearrestedforviolatingthisProtectionOrder.YouactatyourperilifyoudisregardthisWarning.,rf!rf! / r Thelegislativeintentisclear.Theoffenderhasthesoleresponsibilitytoavoidorrefrainfromviolatingtheprotectionordersprovisions.Onlythecourtcanchangetheorder.Serviceoftheprotectionorderupontheoffenderwarnshimorherthatanywillfuldisobedienceoftheordersprovisionswillsubjecthimorhertocriminalpenaltiesorcontempt.Nothinginthestatuteorthestandarddomesticviolenceformsadvisesthevictimthatinvitingtheoffenderintoherresidence(oragreeingtomeetwiththeoffender)subjectsthevictimtoanylegallybindingobligationsorpenalties.TheGeneralAssemblyfocusedabsolutelyonthebehavioroftheoffenderwithintenttopunishtheoffendersbehaviorandnotthebehaviorofthevictimwhomtheorderisdesignedtoprotect.  ' #'     r  B.0 4 ProsecutionoftheVictim(Complainant/Petitioner)forViolatingEitheraCriminal  _TPO_ԀorCPOUnderminestheStatutoryProhibitionsAgainsttheIssuanceofMutualProtectionOrdersin  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)andR.C.  3113.31(E)(4) R.|4(#4(#  r   HouseBill335,effectiveDecember9,1994,curtailedjudicialdiscretionandpromotedgreaterconsistencyintheissuanceandenforcementofcivilprotectionordersbyprohibitingsocalledmutualprotectionorders.Specifically,  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)provides:8 r (2)Ifacomplaintisfiledthatallegesthatapersoncommittedaviolationofthetypedescribedindivision(A)ofthissection,thecourtmaynotissueatemporaryprotectionorderunderthissectionthatrequiresthecomplainant,theallegedvictim,oranotherfamilyorhouseholdmemberofthedefendanttodoorrefrainfromdoinganactthatthecourtmayrequirethedefendanttodoorrefrainfromdoingunderatemporaryprotectionorderunlessbothofthefollowingapply: rf!rf! 8 r (a)Thedefendanthasfiledaseparatecomplaintthatallegesthatthecomplainant,allegedvictim,orotherfamilyorhouseholdmemberinquestionwhowouldberequiredundertheordertodoorrefrainfromdoingtheactcommittedaviolationofthetypedescribedindivision(A)ofthissection. rf!rf! 8 r (b)Thecourtdeterminesthatboththecomplainant,allegedvictim,orotherfamilyorhouseholdmemberinquestionwhowouldberequiredundertheordertodoorrefrainfromdoingtheactandthedefendantactedprimarilyasaggressors,thatneitherthecomplainant,allegedvictim,orotherfamilyorhouseholdmemberinquestionwhowouldberequiredundertheordertodoorrefrainfromdoingtheactnorthedefendantactedprimarilyinselfdefense,and,inaccordancewiththestandardsandcriteriaofthissectionasappliedinrelationtotheseparatecomplaintfiledbythedefendant,thatitshouldissuetheordertorequirethecomplainant,allegedvictim,orotherfamilyorhouseholdmemberinquestiontodoorrefrainfromdoingtheact. rf!rf! ____(Emphasisadded) r Mutualprotectionorderssubjectthevictimaswellastheoffendertothetermsoftheorder.Otherstatesandthe  ModelCodeonDomesticandFamilyViolencepromulgatedbytheNationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudgesalsoprohibitorrestricttheissuanceofmutual_protectionorders.$ "#  14      ׀Forexample,Section310ofthe  ModelCodeprovidesthat [a]courtshall_not ' #' grantamutualorderforprotectiontoopposingparties.Asnotedinthe  CommentarytoSection310, [_m]utual_Ԁordersaredifficultforlawenforcementofficerstoenforce,andineffectiveinpreventingfurtherabuse./ "#  15       H  r Mutualprotectionordersarebasedonmisconceptions,myths,anddiscreditedtheoriesaboutdomesticviolence.Suchmisconceptionsinclude:Shepusheshisbuttons;shemusthaveprovokedtheabuse;itisafamilydynamic;ittakestwototango;theabusewillendwhentheygetdivorced;itcouldnothavebeenthatbadorshewouldhaveleftherabuserlongago;itwillnothappenanymorebecausethecourthasmediatedalltheirdisputes;ortheyarecodependentoneachother.0BB "#  16      ׀ D  Domesticviolenceusuallyoccursbychoiceoftheabuser,andwhensocietydoesnotholdtheabusersubjecttoaprotectionorderfullyaccountable,theabuserbenefitsmorebyignoringtheprotectionorderthanherisksthroughsocietalsanctions.Onlyinfrequentlyisabuseamutualmatter.<9r4r4,< r Mutualprotectionordersviolatetheproceduraldueprocessrightsofthevictimconcerningnoticeandtheopportunitytobeheard.1RR "#  17      ׀foradomesticviolenceprotectionorderwhenthepleadings @ arenotservedonthepetitionerinadvanceofthehearing,orwhentheydonotstatethebasisonwhichtheyaresought.Tochargeavictimofdomesticviolenceforviolatingherownprotectionorderpunishesthevictimwithoutawardingherdueprocessprotections.Neitheracriminal_TPO_ԀnoraCPOcanbeenteredagainsttheoffenderwithouttheoffenderreceivingpriornoticeofhearing,beingservedwiththevictimsmotionorpetition,andproofoftheoffendersdomesticviolenceand <#" thevictimsneedforprotectionbeingpresentedtothecourt.Noonewhoisnotaffordedthesedueprocessguaranteesshouldbesubjecttoaprotectionorderorthepenaltiesforviolatingaprotectionorder.Asthecourtofappealsin  CityofNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_noted:_4 "#  18      _ H 8 r The_TPO_Ԁisspecialinthisregardbecausetheoffender,beforethe_TPO_Ԁhearingandatthetimeofthehearingtoissuethe_TPO_,isaffordedspecificdueprocessguarantees,dueprocessguaranteesthatwouldnothavebeencontemplatedforawouldbe_complicitor_.Itappearstousthatanywouldbe_complicitor_Ԁwouldhavetobegiventheproceduraldueprocessnoticesbeforethe_complicitor_Ԁcouldbechargedasaviolatoroftheorder.Inthiscase,Laura_Bullington_Ԁwasnotaffordeddueprocess;therefore,shemaynotbechargedasanaiderandabettor. rf!rf!  r Therefore,evenbeforetheenactmentofthestatutoryprohibitionagainsttheissuanceofmutualprotectionordersin  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)and  3113.31(E),suchorderswereconstitutionallysuspect.Forexample,anapplicantforadomesticviolenceCPOwasdenieddueprocessoflawwherethetrialcourtissuedaprotectionorderagainstherupondomesticpartnersoralrequestwithoutgivingtheapplicantanopportunitytocrossexamineherformerpartnerortopresentrebuttalevidence;underthesecircumstances,anapplicantforaprotectionorderisnotgiven fullhearingunderthestatute.  Deaconv.Landers(1990),68OhioApp.3d26,30,587_N.E._Ԁ2d395.Wherethereisno  \ evidencetosupportafindingofdomesticviolenceorathreatofdomesticviolencebytheapplicantagainsttheotherparty,thegrantofaprotectionorderagainsttheapplicantconstitutesanabuseofdiscretion.  Id.at32. p!   r Mutualprotectionordersalsosendthewrongmessagetothevictim,theoffender,andthe police._5vv "#  19      _ԀWhencalledupontoenforceamutualorder,policeareoftenconfusedabouthowto %X $ proceed;theyoftenarrestbothpartiesorneitherparty.6 "#  20      ׀Asthecourtofappealsin  _Bullington_held,   toallowthecitytofocusonthevictimsbehaviorabrogates theGeneralAssemblyshistoricaleffortstorequirepoliceofficerstoturntheirattentionfromthevictimsactionsandplacetheirattentionwhereitbelongs,ontheoffendersbehavior.Accordingly,weholdasamatteroflaw,thetrialcourtcorrectlydismissedthecomplaint.  _Bullington_,139OhioApp.3dat571.Whenpolice  0 threatentoordoarrestbothparties,thevictimlearnsthathelpmayonlybegivenatanunfairandunacceptablepricetothevictim._7v v "#  21      _ x   r Unfortunately,manybatterersarequitewillingtorisktheirownarrestiftheirvictimwillalsoincurpunishment.Fortheseabusers,arrestingbothpartiesisnotadeterrent,butmayactuallyencouragethemtocontinueandtoevenescalatetheirviolence.Moreover,mutualordersmakeiteasierfortheabusertomakefalseaccusationsagainstthevictim.Abuserswilloftenaccusevictimsofprovokingtheabuseortheprotectionorderviolations,orwillclaimthatthevictimsinvitedthemintothevictimshomeorplaceofemployment._8  "#  22      _ԀFinally,mutualprotectionorderstellthevictim @ thatsheisequallyresponsiblefortheoffendersviolentbehaviorandreenforcetheoffendersbelief thathisbehaviorisaresultoffactorsbeyondhiscontrol._9  "#  23      _ (  r Prosecutingvictimsforaidingandabettingtheviolationofherownprotectionorderistantamounttoissuingandenforcingamutualprotectionorderagainstthevictim.: "#  24      ׀Thisinability |  tograntmutualprotectionorderswouldseeminglymakeitimpossibletochargeapersonwithcomplicity.  CityofNorth_Olmsted_Ԁv._Bullington_,139OhioApp.3dat569.Toallowaprosecutor  d tochargeavictimwithcomplicity,ineffect,authorizesacourttosimultaneouslyissueandenforceamutualprotectionorderagainstthevictimwithoutsatisfyingtheprerequisiteof  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)or  R.C.3113.31(E)(4).SuchactionunderminesthestatutoryprohibitionagainsttheuseofmutualprotectionordersandmayjeopardizeOhiosfederalfundingundertheViolenceAgainstWomenAct(_VAWA_),whichconditionsthereceiptofcertainlawenforcementfundsonastatescertificationthatstatelawsprohibitorrestricttheissuanceofmutualprotectionorders.; "#  25       , - 9r4,- T Wheninterpretingstatutoryprovisions,itisthusthedutyofthecourtsnottoabrogate,defeat,ornullifyonestatutebytheinterpretationofanother,whereitispossiblebyareasonableconstructionofboth.  85O.Jur.3d,Statutes278(1993).Itisthusthedutyofthecourtstoharmonizeandreconcilelawsrelatingtothesamematter._  _Stateexrel.N._Olmsted_Ԁv._Cuyahoga_Ԁ_Cty_.  \ Bd.ofElections(2001),93OhioSt.3d529,533,757N.E.2d214.Furthermore,theSupremeCourt ( hasadutytoconstruestatutestoavoidunreasonableorabsurdresults._  _Stateexrel._Besser_Ԁv.Ohio  StateUniv.(2000),87OhioSt.3d535,540,721N.E.2d1044,1049.Allowingprosecutionofthe p!  victimforallegedcomplicityinviolatingherownprotectionorderrenderslargelymeaninglessthe <#" statutoryprohibitionagainstsubjectingthevictimtomutualprotectionordersandthusfrustratesthelegislativepurposeof  R.C.2919.26(I)(2)and  R.C.3113.31(E)(4). T Inshort,theprosecutionofavictim(complainant/petitioner)forviolatingherowncriminalorcivilprotectionorderunderminesthestatutoryprohibitionagainsttheissuanceofmutualprotectionorders.Moreover,iftheissuanceofamutualprotectionorderunderminesthedueprocessprotectionsoftheoriginalapplicantforaprotectionorder,thenafortioriprosecutingandpunishing    theapplicantforsomehowviolatingherownprotectionorderclearlyviolatesherdueprocessrights.Thesamelegislaturethatrejectedtheuseofmutualprotectionordersthatexposedomesticviolencevictimstosubsequentcontemptorcriminalactionsforhavingcontactwiththeirabuserdidnotintendtheverysameconducttobepenalizedunderacriminalcomplicitytheory.TheNationalCouncilofJuvenileandFamilyCourtJudgeshasaptlyconcludedthat [_m]utual_Ԁordersunderminethesafeguardscontemplatedbycivilprotectionordersand minimizeaperpetratorsexposuretosanctionsforviolationofanorder.E "#  26      ׀Thesamecriticismapplieswithequalforcetothepolicyor @ practiceofprosecutingandconvictingvictimsofdomesticviolenceforcomplicitywiththeirabusersinviolatingtheirownprotectionorders.         T  C.8  AVictimWhoObtainsaDomesticViolenceCriminalorCivil  ProtectionOrderisaMemberoftheProtectedClassDesignatedforProtectionFromViolentAbusersand,Consequently,MayNotbeChargedasanAiderandAbettorintheViolationoftheVictimsOwnProtectionOrder. H   W T TheStatearguesthatcomplicity(aidingandabetting)under  R.C.2923.03(A)(2)isaproperchargeagainstBettyLucasforthefactsofthiscaseandhasdisregardedthefactthatMs.Lucaswasamemberoftheprotectedclassdesignatedforprotectionfromdomesticviolenceoffendersunderthecriminal_TPO_Ԁstatute.Whetherthisactionpresagesawiderlegalassaultagainst noncomplyingdomesticviolencevictimsremainstobeseen.Buttheimplicationsforbothvictimsofdomesticviolenceandcrimevictimsgenerallyareominous. T In  _Bullington_,supra,theCourtofAppealsreversedthecomplicityconvictionof  Ms._Bullington_Ԁbecauseshewasamemberoftheprotectedclassdesignatedforprotectionunderthe_TPO_Ԁstatute.  _Bullington_,139OhioApp.3dat571.Inboth  _Bullington_andtheinstantcase,the Z defendantswerevictimswhohadobtainedacriminal_TPO_Ԁagainsttheirabuser.Inbothcases,theallegedactofaidingandabettingtheoffendersviolationofthe_TPO_Ԁconcernedthevictimsactioninpermittingorinvitingcontactwiththeabuser.Afternotingthepaucityofcaselawinthisarea,theCourtofAppealsin  _Bullington_tookguidancefromananalogouscaseoutofCalifornia.  People   v._Meagan_ԀR.(1996),42Cal.App.4th17,49Cal.Rptr.2d325,citedin  _Bullington_,139OhioApp.3d V"! at569!570.Thefactsof j _Meagan_ԀR.areasfollows: "$r# 8 T 8T!T!JoanRodriguezleftherapartmentonManducateRoadinRamonaat11:30a.m.afterlockingthedoorandsecuringthewindows.Uponherreturnthreedayslater,shefoundherhomevandalized,thefrontwindowscreenbentandthewindowopen.Bleachhadbeenpouredoverthecarpetsandfurniture,foodwasstrewnonthefloorandherfurniturehadbeenslashed.Hercabletelevisionbox,clock,perfume,tweezersandthreepairsofsocksweremissing.Herremotecontrolforthecableboxwasdestroyed.Shefoundaletteronher R+&+ bedwhichread:"thankyoufortheuseofyourbed._Meagan_ԀandOscar."She 8,', knewnoonenamed_Meagan_,nordidsheevergiveconsentforthispersontobeinherapartment.  8 T 8T!T!JoanshowedDesireRenfrew,aneighbor,herdamagedapartmentandthenoteonthebed.Renfrewrecognizedthehandwritingonthenoteasthatof_Meagan_fromyourcomputerclass.Renfrewsaw_Meagan_ԀinschoolandaskedwhethersheknewOscarandJoan.Sherepliedshedid,admittingshehadpouredbleachalloverJoan'sapartmentandsheandOscarhadsexinJoan'sbed._Meagan_explainedtoRenfrewtheywentinsideandwerepayingJoanbackbecauseshehadcheatedonOscar.RenfrewrelatedthisconversationtoJoanandtheytooktheinformationtoSanDiegoCountySheriffDeputyMichaelCasey.  8 T 8T!T!DuringaninterviewatOlivePierceElementaryJuniorHighSchool,the14-yearold_Meagan_ԀtoldCaseysheenteredtheapartmentwithOscarafterOscarremovedascreen,openedawindownexttothefrontdoorandthenopenedthedoorfromtheinside.ShesaidOscarhadwrittenthenoteandshemerelysignedit;however,shelateradmittedshewrotethenoteatOscar'sdirection.ShefurthertoldCaseythatwhenshewalkedintotheapartment,thevandalismhadalreadytakenplace.Whilethere,Oscarshowedhersomesocks,tellingherhehadgiventhesockstoJoanandaskedherifshewantedthem.Shesaidshedid,soOscarplacedthesocksinaknapsackandtheyremovedthemfromtheapartment.  8 T 8T!T!***  8 T 8T!T![TheStatecharged_Meagan_ԀR.withburglary,trespassingandvandalism.]  8 T 8T!T!OnDecember8,thejuvenilecourtfoundtruetheallegations_Meagan_Ԁhadcommittedburglaryandvandalizedpropertyvaluedatlessthan$1,000.Astotheburglarycount,thecourtfoundshehadenteredJoan'sresidencewiththeintenttocommitafelony,nottheft.ThecourtreasonedifshefacilitatedOscar'scommissionofstatutoryrape,sheaidedandabettedherstatutoryrape.Thecourtthusfoundshecommittedresidentialburglarybyenteringtheresidencewiththeintenttoperpetrateoraidandabetherownstatutoryrape.   j _Meagan_ԀR.49Cal.Rept.2dat32627. "$r#  T TheCaliforniaappellatecourtreversed_Meagan_ԀR.sburglaryconviction.Thecourtreasonedthat_Meagan_ԀR.couldnotbeconvictedforaidingandabettingtheburglarybecausethepredicateoffensefortheburglarywasstatutoryrapeandshewastheprotectedvictimunderCaliforniasstatutoryrapelaw. j Id.at328. R+&+  T Federalcourtshaveadoptedthesamerule. Itisnottobesupposedthattheconsentofanunmarriedpersontoadulterywithamarriedperson,wherethelatteraloneisguiltyofthesubstantiveoffense,wouldrendertheformeranabettororaconspirator.  _Gebardi_Ԁv.UnitedStates(1932),287 H U.S.112,123,53S.Ct.35,38,77L.Ed.206(womanwhoconsentedtobetransportedacrossthestatelineforthepurposeofengaginginsexualintercourserulednotacoconspiratororaiderandabettorofviolationof  MannAct,18U.S.C.Section_2421_Ԁetseq.).Furthermore, whenthe    legislaturehasimposedcriminalpenaltiestoprotectaclassofpersons,itcanhardlyhavemeantthatamemberofthatveryclassshouldbepunishableeitherasanaiderorabettororasacoconspirator._  _UnitedStatesv._Annunziato_(2dCir.1961),293F.2d373,379(fn.omitted).Likewise,theOhio ` GeneralAssemblycouldnothaveintendedthatvictimsofdomesticviolencewhoobtainaprotectionordershouldbepunishedfortheirabuserssubsequentviolationofthatprotectionorder.Yet,thatiswhattheStateistryingtoaccomplishinthepresentcase. T TheOhioSupremeCourthasrecognizedthatdomesticviolencelawsarespecial.  Statev. @ Williams(1997),79OhioSt.3d459,683N.E.2d1126.TheTPOisspecifictotheoffenderand  \ definesspecificallytheforbidden,proscribed,andprohibitedconductoftheoffender.  _Bullington_, ( 139OhioApp.3dat568.Asnoted,theTPOisaccompaniedbyaSupremeCourtmandatedWarningtotheRespondent/Defendantstatingthathe canbearrestedforviolatingthisProtectionOrderandspecificallywarninghimthat [_y]ou_ԀactatyourperilifyoudisregardthisWarning.RuleofSuperintendenceForm10.01-G.Bycontrast,theWarningtoPetitioner/ComplainantwarnsthePetitioner/ComplainantnottoinviteoradmittheRespondent/Defendantintoherresidence,buttheonlywarningofpossibleadverseconsequencesisthat [_d]oing_ԀsomaycausetheRespondent/Defendanttobearrested.Inshort,boththeRespondent/DefendantandthePetitioner/ComplainantarewarnedthattheRespondent/Defendantsentryintotheresidenceofthe 8,', Petitioner/Complainant,withorwithoutthepermissionorinvitationofthePetitioner/Complainant,   willtriggercriminalpenaltiesfortheRespondent/Defendant .NeitherWarningmentionsany | possiblecriminalpenaltiesorotherconsequencesforthePetitioner/ComplainantwhopermitsorinvitestheRespondent/Defendantintoherresidence. T Beyondthat,BettyLucaswasnotapartytotheoriginalactioninwhichtheTPOwasissued.TherewasacriminalcasewheretheStatebroughtcriminalchargesagainstMr.Lucas,butMr.Lucaswasanonpartytothatcriminalproceeding.ATPOisnotenforceableagainstsomeonewhoisnotevenapartytotheunderlyingcriminalcase.C "#  27      ׀Moreover,Mr.Lucaswasnotapartyto D  theunderlyingcriminalproceedingonwhichthe_TPO_Ԁwasissuedandwasnotapartysubjecttothe_TPO_.Therefore,theprosecutorexceededherauthoritybychargingMr.Lucaswithcomplicitytoaidandabetherexhusbandsviolationofthe_TPO_. T Insummary,adomesticviolenceprotectionorderisnotenforceableagainstthevictimwhoobtainstheprotectionorderforherownprotectionandisamemberoftheclassofpersonsdesignatedforprotectionundertheprotectionorderstatutes.SuchactioncontraveneslegislativeintentandthepurposeofOhiosdomesticviolenceprotectionorderstatutes.Italsoviolatesthelegalpresumptionthatmembersoftheclassofindividualsdesignatedforprotectionbythelegislatureunderacriminalstatutemaynotbepunishedasacoconspiratororaiderandabettorinthecommissionofthatoffense.Finally,thispracticeisusuallyharmfultovictims,mayimpedetheenforcementofdomesticviolenceprotectionordersandaddstotheoffendersarsenaloffear,control,andintimidationofthevictim.Ofparticularconcerntothe_amicicuriae,_Ԁprosecutionof &$"& domesticviolencevictimsforparticipatingintheviolationsoftheirownprotectionordershasa chillingeffectonvictimsabilityandwillingnesstoenforcetheirprotectionordersagainsttheirabusersanddiminishestheaccountabilityoftheoffenderforhiscriminalactions.   T  D.8  CriminalizingtheVictimsConductIgnorestheRealitiesand  0 _Psychodynamics_ԀofDomesticViolenceandDoesLittletoFurthertheObjectivesofJusticeSystemIntervention     YA/ T Therelationshipbetweenvictimsandabusersinvolvesanintricatesystemofpowerandcontrol.Thesinglemostimportantdynamicishowtheuseofviolenceeffectsthedistributionofpowerinabusiverelationships.Foreffectiveresolutionofdomesticviolencecases,courtsmustbegintounderstandhowtheabuserisabletousepower,generallyestablishedthroughtheuseofviolenceandintimidation,tocoercehisvictimintosubmissionandtoshieldhimfrompoliceandcourtintervention. T Itisnotunusualorunexpectedforvictimsofdomesticviolencetomeetwithorcommunicatewiththeirabusersforanynumberofreasons"toseekeconomicassistance,toaddresschildren'sissuesortonotifytheotherparentofmedicalemergencies.Becauseofthecomplexitiesoftheparties'relationship,manyvictimsofdomesticviolencewillevenreturntotheirabusers.I "#  28      ׀Infact,  mostvictimsofdomesticviolencedonotwanttoleavetheirpartners.Theyjustwanttheabusetoend.Theyseeksafetyforthemselvesandtheirchildrenthroughavarietyofstrategies.Infact,somevictimswillattestthatremainingwithorreturningtotheabuserisaconsciousmethodofsurvival.Lvv "#  29      ׀ %X $  &$"&  T Often,theywillinviteorencourageanabusertoreturntotheresidence._J "#  30      _ԀThedesiretoreturn  maybeamechanismforsurvivaloranactbasedonfearofreprisal.Itisafearthattheymaylosetheirchildren,afearthattheywillbeunabletosupporttheirfamiliesorafearthattheymaybekilledorhurtiftheydon'treturn._M(( "#  31      _ԀOntheotherhand,forsome,returningtoorcommunicatingwiththe  d abuserisavolitionalact.ResearchonthedynamicsofdomesticviolencehighlightthatforgivenessandreconciliationoccursroutinelyafteranepisodeofviolenceQ! "#  32           T Ifthejusticesystemistoeffectivelyinterveneindomesticviolencecases,itmustunderstandthedynamicsofdomesticviolence,includingthepowerdifferentialbetweentheparties._RH #H  "#  33      _ԀIfthe D  systemdoesnotunderstand,interventionwillfail. T Itisalsonecessaryforthejusticesystemtorecognizethatthevictimmayhavedifferentexpectations._N> %